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Classify with an exception

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# Classify with an exception

## Intent

I want to drop the ordinary qualification when an established exception applies.

The ordinary qualification and its exception are different rules.

## Wrong form and why it stays silent

```law title="Incorrect form"
classification eligible(p: Person) defeater { when young(p); }
```

A classification must support the class. The exception is written as a separate defeater, not as force defeater on classification.

## Correct form

```law
language "law.core" version "0.2";
package recipes.g.r03 version "0.1.0";
namespace "urn:recipe:g-concepts:03";

entity Person;
relation young(p: Person) kind empirical;
relation exceptional(p: Person);
classification eligible(p: Person) defeasible { when young(p); }
rule Exclude defeater { for p: Person; when exceptional(p); defeat eligible(p); }
```

## Frozen execution scene

| Facts on 13.09.2026 | Question | Answer |
|---|---|---|
| ordinary case | `truth(eligible(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")))` | `truth_status == TRUE_ONLY;` / `COMPUTED` |
| exception | `truth(eligible(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")))` | `truth_status == NEITHER;` / `COMPUTED` |
| no ground | `truth(eligible(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")))` | `truth_status == NEITHER;` / `COMPUTED` |
| defeater removed | `truth(eligible(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")))` | `truth_status == TRUE_ONLY;` / `COMPUTED` |

```law
test "ordinary case classifies" {
    given {
        context {
            legal_time @2026-09-13;
            decision_time @2026-09-13T09:00:00+05:00;
            knowledge_time @2026-09-13T09:00:00+05:00;
            timezone "Asia/Almaty";
        }
        assert young(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p"));
    }
    evaluate truth(eligible(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")));
    expect truth_status == TRUE_ONLY;
    expect evaluation_status == COMPUTED;
}
```

```law
test "exception defeats classification" {
    given {
        context {
            legal_time @2026-09-13;
            decision_time @2026-09-13T09:00:00+05:00;
            knowledge_time @2026-09-13T09:00:00+05:00;
            timezone "Asia/Almaty";
        }
        assert young(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")); assert exceptional(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p"));
    }
    evaluate truth(eligible(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")));
    expect truth_status == NEITHER;
    expect evaluation_status == COMPUTED;
}
```

```law
test "no ground stays unknown" {
    given {
        context {
            legal_time @2026-09-13;
            decision_time @2026-09-13T09:00:00+05:00;
            knowledge_time @2026-09-13T09:00:00+05:00;
            timezone "Asia/Almaty";
        }
        assert exceptional(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p"));
    }
    evaluate truth(eligible(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")));
    expect truth_status == NEITHER;
    expect evaluation_status == COMPUTED;
}
```

```law
test "removed defeater restores classification" {
    given {
        context {
            legal_time @2026-09-13;
            decision_time @2026-09-13T09:00:00+05:00;
            knowledge_time @2026-09-13T09:00:00+05:00;
            timezone "Asia/Almaty";
        }
        assert young(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")); assert exceptional(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p"));
    }
    evaluate truth(eligible(entity_ref("urn:recipe:g-concepts:03:p")));
    expect truth_status == TRUE_ONLY;
    expect evaluation_status == COMPUTED;
}
```

## Counterfactual

Mutation `classification eligible(p: Person) defeasible` → `classification eligible(p: Person) defeater`: LDC-E0201.

## Boundary

A defeater removes support but does not prove not eligible. A strict classification is not cancelled by the same exception.